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Global System for Mobile Communications Short Message Service  

Good overview in Peersman, G., Cvetkovic, S., Griffiths, P., and Spear, H., 
"The Global System for Mobile Communications Short Message Service," IEEE Personal Communications, June, 2000.
members only access @ http://www.comsoc.org/pci/public/2000/jun/current.html

GSM is a system used in 100 countries by 20 million subscribers. 

GSM transmits messages of up to 160 characters and protocol permits confirming message delivery. 

Delivery is typically within a few seconds anywhere GSM coverage is available. 
Good coverage in Europe but  somewhat sparse coverage in US in year 2000.

Feb 1999 article - showing standards in Europe  GSM uses 400MHz

GSM  coverage http://www.wirelessdata.org/maps/statelist.asp