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Cost-Effectiveness    updated 04/01/02

Saving lives might decrease disability and medical costs.  added 12/17/01
Article notices that last year of medical costs decrease with age.

Burden of Disease at Harvard Univ. in the US  added 10/24/01
Burden of Disease at World Health Organization  added 10/24/01
Burden of Disease at World Bank  added 10/24/01

Australia Global Burden of Disease   
Here are their PDF files of    Summary   Stroke Calculation  added 10/24/01

Comparing ways of measuring burden of disease and death: 
DALY, QALY, YLD, HALE ..  from June 1999 Global Forum for Health Research   added 10/24/01

YearLifeLostVictoria.gif (6309 bytes)Years of Life Lost Graph: while in early years the primary source is auto fatalities, in later years the primary source is Ischemic Heart Disease.  added 10/23/01

 

Average years of life lost according to cause of death from http://www.tc.gc.ca/roadsafety/vision/1998/eng/graph1_e.htm  added 10/22/01

click here for a copy of "Years of Life Lost" chart for New Zealand

responsiveness_health_systems.jpg (115747 bytes)Health care costs and 
responsiveness maps 
by World Health Organization  
   added 06/19/01

Potential years of life lost prior to age 70  added 5/11/01
Potential life years lost to injury death is more than the total of life years lost due to 
heart disease and AIDS and stroke (since injuries tend to happen to younger people).

How much is a life worth? often more than 20X annual income added 11/09/00

Lifetime Cost of Stroke in the United States. ischemic stroke $91,000 added 10/05/00

AED Cost Effectiveness

AED often not cost effective in fixed locations 3 articles added 12/28/00

Approx $6,000 to save a life year by police use of AED  added 4/28/01

Some people are buying $3,000 AED for use at home.  USAToday 10/24/00  added 2/01/01
Note: Skyaid service will provide more protection at a fraction of the cost:
  1) Cardiac arrest can occur anywhere
  2) Cardiac arrest can occur while asleep
  3) Victim can be alone
  4) Heart Attacks (not just sudden cardiac arrests)
  5) Stroke disability greatly reduced 
           (strokes occur about 3X more often than cardiac arrests)
  6) Medical help arrives to provide essential treatment
  7) Victim quickly brought to appropriate critical care center

Each year of quality life saved with public AEDs costs >$27,000  added 1/26/01

Each additional year of quality life saved from AED costs >$40,000 added 1/26/01

Ambulance Cost Effectiveness

Ambulance Economics: Far less costly to reduce response time by adding ambulance capacity at peak times (e.g. Sat. evenings) or have crews sit in their ambulances than to add ambulance capacity for all 168 hours per week.   added 4/28/01

Little chance of surviving sudden cardiac arrest in Ireland if >5 miles from on-duty ambulance base, and virtually no chance if it is an on-call ambulance base.  added 12/29/00

coverage.gif (28915 bytes)19 ambulances needed to cover the same population 
from sudden cardiac arrest as a single Skycar  
example city = Sao Paulo updated 3/27/01
 Candidate cities which are 30 mile in diameter include Bejiing, Mexico, and Moscow
Candidate cities which are not circular or are compact include Calcutta, Bombay, Jakarta, Hong Kong, and Bangkok

Skyaid Cost Effectiveness

Cost Effectiveness of Skyaid for Strokes $3 per DALY 
- lower than most other international health interventions   updated 2/02/01

Skyaid Life Savings and costs  draft 3/19/01

Skyaid cost to save 5 DALY is approximately $50,
    which is similar to the costs of other international health improvements 
    DALY is  the Disability Adjusted Life Year     O L D     added 09/19/00

Disability Adjusted Life Year  and Quality Adjusted Life Year

Costs of saving a DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Year) in developing countries 
for three categories of health problems. added 1/04/01

Low  (under $100)
Medium  ($100 to $250)
High  ($200 to > $1,000)    

More detail on DALY

Burden of Disease finally published in Journal of American Medical Association Feb 7, 2001
Lots of references to QALY and DALY  added 4/27/01

QALY_CancerCost.gif (66338 bytes)Quality-Adjusted Life Expectancy
vs. incidence of a specific Cancer add 15 quality adjusted life years 
at a cost of about $22,000 per year  
from www-east.elsevier.com/ajg/issues/ 9408/ajg1276fla.htm
added 06/30/01

 for more DALY/QALY - see International Health